Aginsky, V.N., “Comparative Examination of Inks by Using Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography and Microspectropohometry,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol 38, No. 5 September 1993, 1111-1130
Describes the processes whereby ballpoint inks can be identified using TLC and microspectrophotometry. Is very detailed on TLC, less detailed about inks and their compositions. Tags: ballpoint ink
Aginsky, V.N., “Some New Ideas for Dating Ballpoint Inks – A Feasibility Study,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 38, No. 5, September 1993, pp. 1134-1150
A brief summary of ballpoint ink identification processes with a feasibility study for alternate ways of identifying them. He goes into the four techniques of estimating the length of time ink has been on a document. He also describes ink composition, and the process by which its components "dry" when applied to a support. Techniques are not conservation appropriate for the most part. Tags: ballpoint ink
Anderson, Priscilla and Puglia, Alan. Solvent-Set Book Repair Tissue, The Book and Paper Group Annual v 22 (2003) pp.3-8
Conservators at Harvard have set up a system of pre-toned tisues with Lascaux adhesive applied to them such that they can be used in quick repairs. Tags: book repair, solvent-set tissue.
Bansa, H., Aqueous Deacidification – With Calcium or Magnesium?, Restaurator v.19 (1998) pp. 1-40
In this study, Bansa compares papers treated with calcium salts to papers treated with magnesium salts. The alkaline buffer left over remains virtually equivalent between the two minerals, but magnesium salts yellow worse over time, so Bansa’s lab switched to using calcium for treatments. Tags: paper, deacidification, alkalinization, washing
Bogaard, John; Morris, Hannah and Whitmore, Paul. A Method for the Aqueous Deacidification of Oxidized Paper, JAIC, v44 (2005) pp.63-74
This paper compares pH-neutral salts for their effectiveness at deacidifying photo-oxidized paper. The authors developed a process by which paper could be deacidified, reduced and alkalinized for long-term storage. Tags: paper, deacidification, alkalinization, washing
Boggard, John and Whitmore, Paul, Determination of Cellulose Scission Route in the Hydrolytic and Oxidative Degradation of Paper, Restaurator, v.15 (1994) pp.26-45
There are many obstacles to figuring out the degradation route that paper takes. The nature of the carbohydrate itself and lack of sensitivity in testing for functional group changes are two examples. Tags: paper, cellulose degradation
Boggard, John and Whitmore, Paul, Effects of Dilute Calcium Washing Treatments on Paper, JAIC v40 (2001) pp. 105-123
Washing paper in deionized water can rob the paper of beneficial properties as well as pulling out the acids. Thus washing paper in an extremely dilute solution of calcium salts alleviates the negative effects of the deionized water and adds a beneficial effect of buffering towards the alkaline end of the pH scale in higher concentrations. Tags: paper, washing, deacidification, alkalinization
Brunelle, R. L., “Ink Dating – The State of the Art,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol.37, No.1, Jan. 1992, pp. 113-124.
A brief history of the ballpoint pen; ink composition and how it changed over time. Also, a brief history of testing for relative age by comparing to known-aged inks. Tags: ballpoint ink
Brunelle, R. L., Breedlove, C. H. and Midkiff, C. R., “Determining the Relative Age of Ballpoint Inks using a Single-Solvent Extraction Technique,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol 32, No. 6, Nov.1987 pp.1511-1521.
Describes a technique for determining the relative age of ballpoint inks using one solvent to extract the components of ink from a sample. Tags: ballpoint ink
Brunelle, R. L., and Cantu, A. A., “A Critical Evalation of Current Ink Dating Techniques,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 32, No. 6, Nov. 1987 pp. 1522-1536.
Brunelle, R.L., and Lee, H., “Determining the Relative Age of Ballpoint Ink Using a Single-Solvent Extraction, Mass-Independent Approach,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 34, No. 5, Sept. 1989, pp. 1166-1182 Tags: ballpoint ink
Brunelle and Reed, Forensic Examination of Ink and Paper; Charles C. Thomas Publisher; Springfield, IL; 1984
A book on the history of inks, and the forensics behind identifying them. Also goes into paper. Tags: paper, ballpoint ink
Cantu, A.A. “Comments on the Accelerated Aging of Ink,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol.33, No.3, May 1988, pp.744-750
An article on accelerated aging of ink, using artificial aging of paper as a benchmark. Tags: artificial aging, ballpoint ink
Cantu, A.A. and Prough, R. S., “On the Relative Aging of Ink – The Solvent Extraction Technique,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA Vol. 32, No.5, Sept. 1987, pp.1151-1174.
Determining the age of ink samples using different solvent-extraction techniques. Tags: ballpoint ink
Hagadorn, Alexis. An Investigation into the use of Blue Copper Pigments in European Early Printed Books, Book and Paper Group Annual, v.23 (2004) pp. 41-55
Alum and Azurite work in conjunction to degrade paper on which they are found together. Usually they are found together in alum-sized early-printed books with blue rubrication. Tags: paper, paper degradation, pigments
Hubbe, Martin. Acidic and Alkaline Sizings for Printing, Writing and Drawing Papers, Book and Paper Group Annual, #23 (2004) pp.139-151
A survey article on sizings of papers their historical development and progression to modern times. Tags: paper, paper sizing
Kanngießer, Birgit; Hahn, Oliver; Wilke, Max; Nekat, Bettina; Malzer, Wolfgang and Erko, Alexei. Investigation of oxidation and migration processes of inorganic compounds in ink-corroded manuscripts, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, v.59 (2004) pp.1511-1516
A chemical study of migration of iron, copper and zinc migration in paper with iron gall ink writing. It appears from this article that copper migration and degradation is more damaging to paper than iron, and both are more damaging than zinc. Tags: iron gall ink, paper, chemical migration
Laroque, Claude. History and analysis of Transparent Papers, The Journal of Paper Conservation, v.28 (2004) pp.17-32
A survey of historic transparent papers, their compositions and coatings. Tags: paper, paper sizing, paper impregnating
Liénardy, Anne. Evaluation of seven mass deacidification treatments, Restaurator, v.15 (1994) pp.11-25
This paper compared seven mass-deacidification treatments (Wei T’o, Sablé, Bookkeeper, DEZ, FMC, Vienna Method and BPA – ammonia impregnated mono- di-and triethanolamines) and their effectiveness over time. Only Bookkeeper and Wei T’o are still in use today. Tags: deacidification
Löfgren, A. and Andrasko, J., “HPLC Analysis of Printing Inks,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 38, No.5 September 1993, pp. 1151-1160. Tags: ballpoint ink
Pearlstein, Cabelli, King and Indictor. Effects of Eraser Treatments on Paper, JAIC, v. 22 (1982) pp.1-12
Drycleaning of documents is a preliminary step in many treatments for removing surface dirt. It is not entirely known, however how the residues from erasers and eraser crumbs affect the papers to which they have been applied. The study compares four types of erasers, their chemical makeup and their residues. Drycleaning did not affect papers as they were artificially aged, but all the treatments left crumbs residue in the paper fibers. Tags: drycleaning, surface cleaning
Ponce-Jimenez, Toral, and Guiterrez-Pulido. Antifungal Protection and Sizing of Paper with Chitosan Salts and Cellulose Ethers. Part 2, Antifungal Effects JAIC, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn - Winter, 2002) , pp. 255-268
Chitosan is a naturally occurring substance in the cell-walls of fungi, and it is postulated that they inhibit microbial growth. This paper shows preliminary results of a study done with different fungi commonly found in libraries and archives, on papers that were and were not treated with chitosan salts. Tags: mold, paper
Reissland, Birgit. Ink Corrosion Aqueous and non-Aqueous Treatment of Paper Objects – State of the Art, Restaurator, v.20 (1999) pp.167-180
All treatments for corroded inks cause irreversible changes to the original substance. The article discusses the relative benefits and drawbacks to the current treatments available. It mentions not only aqueous but also non-aqueous treatments for deacidification and alkalinization of ink-corroded documents. Tags: iron gall ink, washing, paper degradation
Stewart, L. F. “Ballpoint Ink Age Determination by Volatile Component Comparison – A Preliminary Study,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 30, No. 2, April 1985 pp.405-11
Inks can be identified by comparing the residual volatile components in the ink lines. The higher percentage of the ink, that is still volatile components, the newer the ink. Tags: ballpoint ink
Tomazello, Maria G.C and Wiendl, F.M. The Paoolicability of Gamma Radiation to the Control of Fungi in Naturally Contaminated Paper, Restaurator, 16 (1995) pp.93-99
This article is about irradiating paper to kill mold. They ran a test on old and new papers and they ran a test on pretreated paper. They found that gamma radiation does kill some spores, but dormant spores can resist about three times as much radiation. Bacteria also poses a higher resistance to gamma radiation. Nevertheless they found that gamma rays are useful to controlling microorganism growth in libraries. Tags: paper, mold
Totten, Andrea. Laponite Resudues on Paper and Parchment, The Paper Conservator, v27 (2003) pp. 23-34
This article is about cleaning paper and parchment with an alkaline surfactant, Laponite, and its effects on the paper. Laponite is a clay-like particle that disperses in water and is used as a surfactant and a poultice. It does not seem to be better or less expensive than Methyl Cellulose. Tags: paper, parchment, surfactants, surface cleaning
Tse, Season; Hendry, Heather; Bégin, Paul ;Siriois, P. Jane and Trojan-Bedynski, Maria. The Effect of Simmering on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Paper, Restaurator, 26 (2005) pp.14-35
This article discusses how a document with corroded iron gall ink can be treated with a “simmering” treatment that allows it to be washed and deacidified without bleeding of ink or embrittling the paper. Tags: iron gall ink, paper, washing, alkalinization
US Patent #2,427,921 Fountain Pen Ink 1945
Different recipes for blue and black fountain pen ink – specifically the kind that goes in ballpoint pens. Tags: ballpoint pen ink
US Patent #2,623,827 Ball-Point Pen Ink 1948
These are recipes for stick inks for ballpoint pens. Tags:
US Patent #3,010,970 Grit-Free Spirit Soluble Phthalocyanines for Ball Point Pen Inks 1959.
Grit in dyes for ballpoint pen inks ruin the pen mechanism; this is a patent for removing grit from the dyes. Tags: ballpoint pen ink
US Patent #3,082,213 Phthalocyanine dyestuffs 1959
This is a patent for a process by which to make phthalocyanine dyes. Tags: ballpoint pen ink
US Patent #3,470,200 Phthalocyanine dyestuffs for ball-point pen inks 1965
This is a patent for a process by which to make phthalocyanine dyes. Tags: ballpoint pen ink
Verheyen, Peter; Davis, Carolyn and Olson, Debra. Storage of Architectural Materials at the Syracuse University Library, Book and Paper Group Annual, v.22 (2003) p.131-136
This is a plan for compact, scalable, economical and archivally sound storage for Architectural drawings. It is a tube within-tube storage. It can be scaled to the size necessary, is modular, moveable and reconfigurable. Tags: storage, housing
Witte, A.H., “Examination and Identification of Inks” from: Methods of Forensic Science Vol: II, Lundquist ed., pp.35-75
A summary from the forensic sciences of how inks are examined and identified. Tags: ballpoint ink
Zimmerman, J., Doherty, P., and Mooney, D., “Erasable Felt Tip Writing Instrument Detection,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 33, No.3, May 1988, pp. 709-717
A study on the extent of erasibility that eraseable inks have. Essentially, they are only eraseable in the first day or two after application. Tags: ballpoint ink